The immediate charging mode of electric vehicle battery swap stations can easily exacerbate the peak-valley difference in grid load and the imbalance in the utilization of battery energy storage resources,thereby restricting the economic operation of the swap stations and the security of the grid.To address this issue,this paper constructs a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the cost of charging and purchasing electricity,while considering the constraints of battery state coordination and resource balance.It also proposes a battery charging optimization strategy based on dynamic time windows and battery collaborative management.Through the dynamic time window mechanism,the charging tasks are temporally and spatially shifted,and combined with battery state collaborative management,the overall charging load distribution is optimized while meeting the users' battery swap demands,reducing the cost of purchasing electricity and enhancing the security of the grid.Compared with the rapid response of the immediate charging mode,this strategy focuses more on system-level resource balance, providing a feasible solution for large-scale battery swap stations to participate in power demand response.Taking an actual battery swap station in a certain area as the verification object,the load regulation effect and comprehensive benefits of different time window lengths were evaluated.The results show that this strategy significantly improves load balance and reduces the cost of charging and purchasing electricity.In addition,through sensitivity analysis,the intluence laws of key parameters on system performance were revealed,providing a practical optimization method and decision support for large-scale battery swap stations to participate in power demand response,which is of great significance for promoting the coordinated development of the electric vehicle industry and the grid.

Aiming at the simulation problem of electric vehicle charging load in time and space distribution,this paper proposes a simulation method of electric vehicle charging load based on geographic information and multi-level trip chain.By establishing a regional road network model and dividing functional blocks,the vehicle movement trajectory is combined with road information to construct a complete mobile chain model of travel starting point-multi-destination stay-return path'.The path planning algorithm is used to simulate the user's daily travel mode,and the space-time simulation model of charging demand is constructed.The results show that this method can effectively simulate the charging load change trend of different regional types and urban functional areas,and accurately identify the electricity consumption characteristics of residential areas,work areas and other scenes.Compared with the traditional single trip chain model,the multi trip chain model constructed in this paper can more accurately simulate the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of electric vehicle charging load.

In the context of the " dual carbon" goal,in order to more elliciently reduce carbon emisions and improvethe consumption rate of new energy, a comprehensive energy system source load coordination optimization schedulingstrategy considering a stepped green certilicate carbon trading interaction mechanism and electric and thermal flexibleloads is proposed. Firstly ,establish a tiered green certificate and tiered carbon trading interaction model, linking greencertificate trading and carbon trading through the carbon reduction emissions behind the green certificate; Then , aHexible electric and thermal load is added to the load side, considering both reducible and transferable loads, whileutilizing the thermal inertia of the thermal system and considering user comfort to construct a flexible thermal loadmodel; Finally, establish a source load collaborative scheduling model: flexibly adjust the load side through flexibleloads,thereby affecting the power generation arrangement on the source side and the value of the green certificatecarbon trading mechanism.l our scenarios were used to verily its elfectiveness ,and through case analysis ,it was verifiecthat the use of electric and thermal flexible loads can reduce the cost of green certificates and carbon trading on thesource side.This source load synergy effectively improves the consumption rate of new energy ,fully demonstrating theeffectiveness of the model proposed in this paper.

In response to the issue of large-scale failures in power grids with a high proportion of new energy caused by severe sandstorms and the rapid recovery after a significant decline in the output of new energy units, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization method for line fault repair and new energy unit cleaning aimed at enhancing the resilience of transmission networks. Firstly, a high-proportion new energy grid model incorporating concentrated solar power plants and energy storage systems is constructed, which can effectively characterize the dynamic changes in the output power of concentrated solar power plants and energy storage after load variations. Then, the impact of severe sandstorm weather on new energy output and transmission line faults is quantitatively characterized. Further considering factors such as system grid strength and source-load imbalance, a post-disaster transmission line repair and unit cleaning sequence model is proposed with the objective function of maximizing system load recovery. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through an improved IEEE-30 node system, demonstrating that the proposed resilience enhancement strategy can accelerate system recovery, reduce system load loss, and achieve resilience enhancement in power grids with a high proportion of new energy.

In the high-proportion renewable energy (High Proportion Renewable Energy, HPRE) power system, thermal power units are largely replaced, and the contradiction between supply and demand of system daily regulation capacity is becoming increasingly prominent. Configuring multi-time scale regulation resources on demand can effectively alleviate the above contradiction. However, the strong uncertainty and volatility brought by large-scale wind power and photovoltaic access make it difficult to evaluate the daily regulation capacity requirements of the system. In this paper, a multi-time scale assessment method for daily regulation capacity demand is proposed for HPRE power system. Firstly, based on the perspective of 'adjustable' matching 'non-adjustable' intra-day power balance, a scenario set generation method is proposed to describe the uncertainty of non-adjustable power through Gaussian mixture model (Gaussian Mixture Model, GMM) and K-means clustering. Secondly, according to the hourly fluctuation characteristics of daily non-adjustable power, a multi-time scale evaluation system of daily regulation capacity demand is established. Then, a multi-time scale decoupling evaluation model of daily regulation capacity demand based on Haar wavelet coefficient is constructed by quantifying demand intensity with regulation power and regulation electricity as indicators. Finally, the example results show that the proposed method can provide some reference for the planning and allocation of multi-time scale adjustment resources.

After power disturbances occur in power systems, the frequency response presents significant spatial -temporal characteristics. The current situation of asynchronous frequency response in different areas determines that there is room for improvement in the frequency regulation capability of interconnected power systems. Due to the optimal operation of power systems through multi - stage coordinated operation ， this paper proposes a multi - stage coordinated active frequency response （CAFR） control strategy based on three lines of defense for frequency stability of power systems ， aiming at safety and economic coordination. In the prevention control stage ， the regulation capacity is reserved by purchasing the frequency regulation capacity in advance ； In the emergency control stage ， the frequency response spatial -temporal characteristics are utilized to enhance the frequency regulation capability of the system through feedforward active control； In the correction control stage ， penalty items are set to avoid affecting system safety and triggering under frequency load shedding （UFLS）。 Both numerical example analysis and simulation verification show that the proposed active frequency response（AFR） control strategy for AC/DC hybrid power systems based on three lines of defense coordination is superior to the passive frequency response （PFR） mode in terms of security ， and is more superior to the single stage operation control in terms of economy, with significant improvement in overall control effectiveness.

Driven by the "dual-carbon"strategic goals,the penetration of renewable energy in power grids continues to increase,placing unprecedented pressure on the regulation capability of power systems.Most existing flexibility assessment and planning methods for power systems focus primarily on supply-demand balance,while paying insufficient attention to the role of transmission capacity in ensuring flexibility.To address this issue,this paper proposes a joint storage-transmission planning method that considers both resource and transmission flexibility margins.First,starting from the system operation mechanism,the influence of transmission network capability on meeting flexibility requirements is analyzed,and the node-level flexibility demand is mapped onto transmission lines.On this basis,two quantitative indices-resource flexibility margin and transmission flexibility margin-are constructed to enable multidimensional flexibility assessment.Subsequently,a joint storage-transmission planning model incorporating both resource and transmission flexibility margins is developed,in which energy storage deployment and transmission expansion are treated as coordinated decision variables to achieve a balance between flexibility enhancement and economic optimization.Finally,simulations based on an improved IEEE RTS-24 bus system are conducted.The results demonstrate that wc piopuscu icuou call mpiuve ucAwuy iaigis wic coiuvig wolal sysicm cust,cuccuvcly aucviaung upciauvnal stress caused by renewable energy fluctuations,and enhancing the accommodation capability of new energy sources.

With the high penetration of photovoltaic ( PV) systems into distribution networks, the randomness andvolatility of PV output have made power flow in the grid more complex and variable.The random variation in activepower output of PV systems under constant power factor control also leads to random changes in reactive power outputCurrently, reactive power/voltage partitioning results based on line reactive power flow are subject to frequent changesdue to the variability of reactive power flow,causing continuous changes in partitioning results and frequent switchingof some nodes between partitions, which degrades voltage control performance.'This paper proposes a stable reactivpower/ voltage partitioning method based on probabilistic statistical distance to define a new electrical distance. Firstthe Gaussian Mixture Model ( GMM) is used to characterize the stochastic features of PV active power output , and thereactive power output characteristics are derived based on the power factor, "Then , probabilistic power flow calculation isperformed using the Monte Carlo Simulation ( MCS) method to obtain the random distribution of node voltages in thedistribution network.Subsequently, the Earth Mover's Distance ( EMlD) is applied to define the statistical distancebetween nodes based on the obtained voltage distributions ,and a new electrical distance is defined by combining nodevoltage sensitivity. Finally , the Affinity Propagation ( AP) clustering algorithm and dnamic reactive power reserveconstraints are used to obtain the partitioning, results. Simulation results based on the lEEE 33- node systemdemonstrate that the proposed partitioning method exhibits good eflectiveness and stability in scenarios with high PVpenetration ,effectively addressing the challenges posed by frequent power flow variations.

Floating nuclear power platforms are frequently in movement under the action of waves.The internal gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics change under the influence of the motion.The accurate prediction of void fraction in gas-liquid two-phase flow under fluctuating vibration is of great significance to the safe and stable operation of floating nuclear power platforms.The void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a horizontal tube under fluctuating vibrations was measured for different tube diameters,vibration frequencies,and amplitudes.The void fraction was predicted using a BP neural network.The BP neural network was optimized using whale optimisation algorithm based on chaotic mapping and adaptive weights （CA-WOA-BP）。The results show that the BP neural network is more effective in predicting the void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe under fluctuating vibration.The optimisation algorithm can further improve its prediction accuracy and stability.The accuracy is increased to 91%.Meanwhile,a comparison of the prediction results with the existing correlation formula was made.It is found that the optimised BP neural network has smaller prediction error and better applicability to the prediction under fluctuating vibration.It provides an effective method for the prediction of the gas content rate under this condition.

In response to the lack of analysis on the dynamic response characteristics and grid construction ability of PEMFC as a low-carbon emergency power generation unit,this paper conducts modeling and simulation analysis of grid-forming PEMFC emergency power generation units.Establish static and dynamic response models for PEMFC with thermal management system,and propose a cascaded grid-forming inverter grid control strategy.Based on MATLAB/ SIMULINK,a simulation model of a 150kW grid-forming PEMFC power generation unit was constructed.Through island mode and system load change scenarios,the characteristics of the grid-forming PEMFC emergency power supply providing damping and inertia for the system were verified,improving system stability and adapting to the needs of various complex scenarios.

Wind, solar resource-rich areas usually appear a variety of new energy (wind, solar) co-generation, in-depth study of wind-solar joint power fluctuation characteristics of power grid safety operation is of great significance. In this paper, based on the measured data of large-scale wind power base in the northern part of Shanxi Province, the time-frequency characteristics of wind and light co-generation power are empirically analyzed by using db6 discrete wavelet transform. First, the wavelet transform is used to decompose the output power of different power generation clusters, and at the same time, the fluctuation rate, the extreme value difference and the fluctuation confidence interval index are calculated for each frequency band. Then, the integrated weight coefficient method is used to analyze the impact of the integrated fluctuation characteristic indexes of each frequency band on the power grid. Finally, based on the results of the time-frequency characterization of different wind farms in the northern part of Shanxi, the integrated fluctuation characteristic indexes of each frequency band of the wind-solar co-generation cluster are compared with those of the single wind/photovoltaic cluster, and the optimal capacity allocation ratio of the wind-solar co-generation cluster is obtained. The results show that compared with single wind/photovoltaic power generation cluster, the overall volatility of wind/photovoltaic co-generation cluster is smaller, which is more conducive to the safe operation of the power grid, and there exists an optimal ratio of wind/photovoltaic installed capacity.

 Building Regional Integrated Energy Systems ( RlES) is an ellective way to cope with the high proportion ofrenewable energy interconnection. However, the eiciency of RlES scheduling scheme is easily alfected by theuncertainty of source load and the variable operating conditions of different energy conversion equipment.In this papera random optimization operation method is proposed. Firstly,the Dynamic Energy Hub ( DEH) model is created, theequipment model and objective function are established ,and the RlES optimization scheduling method considering theequipment's variable operating conditions is proposed. Secondly , the source load uncertainty is characterized by K.means clustering method, and the typical system operation scenario is obtained. Finally, combined with the DEHmodel, the optimal scheduling scheme and the capacity configuration results of each energy conversion equipment aredetermined.'The optimization results show that the proposed method can rationally dispatch multiple types of energy inthe regional integrated energy system, improve the operating economy of the system and the absorption capacity ofrenewable energy ,and reduce carbon emissions

As an environment-friendly vehicle,electric vehicle has achieved large-scale development,at the same time,the access of a large number of charging loads has caused a great impact on the traffic network and distribution network.Due to the lack of charging infrastructure and the disorderly charging of car owners,car owners may also face the problem of waiting in line for a long time during the charging peak.For this reason,an electric vehicle booking charging guidance strategy considering dynamic traffic information and available charging resources of charging stations is proposed in this paper.Firstly.the user travel characteristics.dynamic traffic network.charging station and distribution network are modeled；secondly,a global optimal path planning algorithm considering cross-period road resistance update is proposed；then,based on the maximum acceptable load of charging stations in the region,a hierarchical adjustment model of dynamic service charge is established according to the real-time load rate of each charging station.Finally,combined with the charging needs of car owners,a reservation charging guidance strategy aiming at the lowest charging cost,total travel time and slow charging cost is established,and the optimal charging scheme is planned for car owners.Ihe simulation results show that the proposed reservation charging guidance strategy can effectively improve the charging satisfaction of car owners,reduce the load variance between charging stations,stabilize the load fluctuation of distribution network,and maintain the safe and stable operation of distribution network.

With the increasing number of electric vehicles,the substantial charging demand has imposed certain impacts on the power grid while introducing challenges for grid dispatching.Consequently,predicting the charging load of electric vehicles has gradually become a research hotspot.To address the randomness of electric vehicle charging loads and the accuracy issues in deterministic predictions,an interval prediction method based on FMD-LSTM-Bootstrap is proposed.Using real historical electric vehicle charging load data collected,the dataset is preprocessed to eliminate erroneous data caused by equipment factors.The processed data is then divided into training and testing sets according to a certain ratio.Aiter tuning with the training set,the testing set is used to validate the prediction pertormance of the FMD-LSTM-Bootstrap method.The performance of the prediction intervals is further verified by combining the average bandwidth and interval coverage rate.Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm.

A high percentage of new energy is accessed, which decreases the system's inertia and speeds up response times. This can lead to several issues, such as poor unit-tripping regulation strategy and an erroneous evaluation of the system stability boundary. The traditional unit-tripping regulation strategy is no longer sufficient for the current power system. To ensure quick stable operation after optimal unit-tripping regulation, provide a boundary energy-based power system transient stability unit-tripping strategy. First, define the individual machine energy function to determine the system's boundary energy. through calculating and analyzing the boundary energy, assess the system's stability using the stability index; Second, create the generator sensitivity index and determine how the unit's active power and stability index relate to one another, and through the calculation of the sensitivity index, screen out the units that need to be regulated as a priority. Use the optimization model to calculate the minimum required unit-tripping amount to restore system stability, and take corresponding unit-tripping operation based on the judgment results; Finally, it has been verified that this method can effectively regulate unit-tripping quantity to achieve the goal of restoring stable system operation in actual power system.

Aiming at the operation characteristics of the electricity-gas-heat heterogeneous energy flow system undelextreme weather in Shandong, an effective risk collaborative defense strategy is formulated.The energy flow couplingdevice is used to realize the interaction of heterogeneous energy flow,and the flexible resources such as controllableindustrial load and mobile energy storage unit are excavated.Considering the relationship between supply and demandthe risk resistance strategy is proposed ,the evaluation index of imbalance degree is constructed and the types of riskscenarios are divided,the risk resistance scheme is formulated ,and the auxiliary decision-making system is formed byusing the carbon flow description of risk scenarios.Based on the comprehensive benelits of economic operation cost,fexible regulation and control ability ,safety and stability and risk carbon emission,a colaborative resistance operationmodel is built. Finally, a regional system in Shandong Province is taken as the simulation object to analyze thecomprehensive benelits of the system 's coordinated resistance to different degrees of supply and demand imbalanceand the low-carbon efect of the system 's coordinated resistance is deseribed by carbon flow.The results show that theuse of energy flow coupling, devices and flexible resources can effectively improve the system ’s ability to resist riskinterference ,and the risk resistance scheme is conducive to improving the imbalance between supply and demand of the system, which verifies the rationality and feasibility of the collaborative resistance operation model based on risk resistance strategy.

Aiming at the current mismatch between new energy output and base load,a set of multi-level refined dynamic peaking compensation mechanism is proposed；an additional dynamic incentive mechanism is proposed between aggregators and grid trading centers to set the peaking compensation price according to the peaking shortfall, which guides the aggregators to integrate the dispatchable resources to provide peaking auxiliary services for the grid； and a response compensation apportionment strategy is proposed between the aggregators and the electric vehicle users.It also proposes a response compensation sharing strategy between aggregators and EV users,which defines the concept of sharing coefficient from the dimensions of dispatchable capacity and load transfer demand during the access time to explore the dispatch potential of the user group.At the optimization level of charging and discharging scheduling scheme,Adjusted Grey Wolf Optimization （AGWO）is used to solve the control model with the objectives of maximizing the revenue of EV aggregator and minimizing the load fluctuation of the system；combined with the user dispatch response model,it is proved that the proposed strategy can tap the potential of EV dispatching according to the demand of grid,which makes the management more flexible.Combined with the user dispatch response model,the proposed strategy proves that it can exploit the potential of EV dispatch according to the grid demand,manage vehicle charging and discharging more flexibly,reduce the charging cost of EV users,increase the revenue of aggregators, reduce the net load fluctuation,and increase the rate of new energy consumption.

Aiming at the problems of large demand side load fluctuations, high carbon emission base, and conflicting interests of multiple parties in the integrated energy system of multi microgrids with electricity and hydrogen energy interaction, this paper proposes an optimization of the integrated energy system of multi microgrids with zero carbon target considering self elasticity coefficient and peak shaving fluctuation incentives. Firstly, the benefit objectives and decision variables of each interaction party are analyzed, and an upper level cooperative game framework is constructed with the energy system operator of multi microgrids as the leader, and a lower level one master multi slave game model with user aggregator and shared energy storage operator as followers. Secondly, considering the dispersion coefficient of demand side loads, Pearson correlation coefficient with regional distribution networks, and load self elasticity coefficient, an incentive based and price based comprehensive demand response model is constructed. Finally, genetic algorithm was used to solve the problem, and simulation analysis was conducted. The comparison of the four schemes showed that the proposed strategy not only considers the benefits of multiple agents under the constraint of zero carbon emissions, but also improves the ability of demand side load fluctuations and grid peak shaving and valley filling through the reduction of system dispersion coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Evaluation of Electricity Price Package Based on IFAHP-CRITIC Combination Weighting Method and Improved TOPSIS In order to evaluate complex and diverse electricity pricing packages more reasonably and promote the development of electricity pricing packages to adapt to the changes in China's electricity market,a method based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process （IFAHP）and Criterion Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation （CRITIC）considering the needs of multiple parties in the electricity market is proposed The electricity price package evaluation method is based on the combination weighting method and the improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution （TOPSIS）。Firstly,determine the package evaluation indicators from a market perspective；Then,subjective and objective weights were assigned to each indicator using the IFAHP weighting method and CRITIC objective weighting method,respectively,and the comprehensive weights of each indicator were determined using Nash equilibrium；Finally,based on Grey Relational Analysis （GRA），TOPSIS is improved and the GRA Euclidean distance measure is used to evaluate the package.The calculation results show that this method can accurately and scientifically complete the evaluation of electricity price packages.

To suppress inter-area low-frequency oscillations in power systems containing doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines, this paper proposes a wide-area supplementary damping control strategy based on reinforcement learning. A multi-machine system model incorporating DFIG dynamic characteristics is established, and a wide-area supplementary damping control loop is designed using inter-area tie-line power as the feedback signal. The deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm from reinforcement learning is employed to construct an offline parameter training mechanism for the supplementary damping controller. The trained intelligent agent enables dynamic parameter tuning of the controller, addressing the limitation of fixed parameters in conventional supplementary damping controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with traditional methods, the proposed strategy can online update parameters in real-time according to system states under both three-phase short-circuit fault and synchronous generator step disturbance scenarios. This approach effectively enhances system damping characteristics and successfully suppresses low-frequency oscillations.

As China’s electricity market advances toward the full settlement operation of the spot electricity market and the frequency regulation (FR) auxiliary service market, this study investigates how different clearing mechanisms influence power resource allocation, renewable energy absorption, and overall economic performance. To this end, a sequential clearing strategy and a joint clearing strategy for the spot-FR market framework with energy storage participation are proposed, and conducts an analytical assessment of these aspects through case-based simulations. First, a spot-FR market trading system with multiple market participants is constructed, and the corresponding market organization processes are proposed. Second, separate clearing models for the spot electricity market and the FR market are formulated, upon which the joint clearing mechanism for the two markets is designed together with the price-settlement methodology. Finally, simulation cases are established to obtain the energy and FR capacity clearing results, market clearing prices, and renewable absorption performance under both clearing modes. The results demonstrate that, compared with sequential clearing, the unified optimization in the joint clearing mechanism enables more efficient allocation of generation resources across the two markets, significantly enhances the utilization of energy storage, maintains a high level of renewable energy absorption, reduces overall system procurement costs, and markedly improves the economic benefits of energy storage.

To address the issues of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in wind farms, such as a large number of data acquisition parameters, strong coupling, and response time delay, this paper proposes an early warning model for wind turbine gearbox oil temperature based on delay time estimation. This model integrates the Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN), Bayesian Optimization Algorithm (BOA), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, establishing a multi-sensor collaborative method for temperature prediction and early warning of wind turbine gearboxes. Firstly, based on maximal mutual information, the delay time between input variables and output is estimated, and the time-series data is reconstructed to improve prediction accuracy. Secondly, the improved LSTM network model is used to realize online prediction of oil temperature, and this prediction model is extended to other temperature measurement points in the wind turbine gearbox. Finally, by analyzing the statistical characteristics of prediction residuals of the gearbox’s drive-end bearing temperature, oil temperature, and non-drive-end bearing temperature, a multi-sensor collaborative dynamic threshold early warning mechanism is constructed. Experimental results show that compared with traditional prediction models, this method can more effectively realize online monitoring and early warning of the gearbox’s operating status, providing effective support for the health monitoring and safe operation of wind turbine gearboxes.

To address the issues of muddy sites and construction organization difficulties in summer,as well as low-temperature curing challenges in winter for the foundation construction of water field transmission towers in Northeast China,a prefabricated modular concrete foundation was designed.Field tests were conducted to measure the uplift bearing capacity of cast-in-place foundations and prefabricated modular foundations under combined vertical and horizontal loads.The study found that to reduce the cost of modular foundations and enhance lifting safety,it is necessary to first design a cast-in-place flexible foundation,which can then be divided into modular foundations.Under vertical and horizontal loads,the uplift bearing capacity of the modular foundation is 181 kN vertically and 12.5 kN and 12.3 kN horizontally,both lower than the 190 kN vertically and 12.8 kN and 12.6 kN horizontally required for cast-in-place foundations,but higher than the required vertical 158.07 kN and horizontal 10.57 kN and 8.78 kN.The relevant research findings can serve as references for the design and construction of prefabricated concrete step foundations,and can also be used for numerical simulation verification purposes.